Permissiveness of US Laws on Lobbying and Campaign Financing and the Major Problems that go Hand in Hand With That

The Spread of Oligarchy; The Distribution of Assets;

Who Controls Your Money

The ultra-rich are world’s new dictators

Democracy at risk as oligarchy spreads

Oct. 26, 2013 9:26 PM  / ASSOCIATED PRESS

Written by  Christian Caryl

Foreign Policy

Caryl, the editor of Democracy Lab, is a senior fellow at the Legatum Institute and a contributing editor at Foreign Policy. He is also the author of “Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century.”

WASHINGTON — Earlier this month, the investment bank Credit Suisse published its annual survey of global wealth. The bank’s report is filled with illuminating findings, but one in particular caught my eye. It has to do with the distribution of assets in Russia, where, as the report notes, a mere 110 people own a mind-boggling 35 percent of the country’s entire wealth. At the same time, 93.7 percent of Russians are worth $10,000 or less.

As the report notes, this makes Russia the country with the greatest wealth disparities in the world. Americans, who are now increasingly concerned about deepening inequality in their own country, might seek some consolation from this dismal conclusion.

Even under present circumstances, wealth in the United States is still spread a lot more evenly than that.

Things could be worse, right?

Well, maybe. But I see little cause for jubilation. Russia is merely the most extreme case of a worldwide trend that potentially represents one of the greatest threats that democracy faces today: the spread of oligarchy.

The problem isn’t just that some people in today’s world are fabulously rich. It’s that disproportionate wealth increasingly goes along with disproportionate power.

Russia, again, offers a textbook example of the dangers. Back in the 1990s, a handful of politically well-connected business tycoons managed to profit from their close relations with Boris Yeltsin’s Kremlin by taking advantage of the privatization of the country’s industrial jewels — above all its vast oil wealth. Those magnates weren’t shy about exploiting their economic power to political ends. They bankrolled Yeltsin’s re-election as president in 1996, controlled ministerial appointments, and dictated government policy. No wonder these businessmen-cum-politicians were soon dubbed the “oligarchs.”

(”Oligarchy” is Greek for “government of the few.”)

One of them, the recently deceased, arch-Machiavellian Boris Berezovsky, engineered the rise of an ex-KGB officer to the prime ministership. Vladimir Putin ultimately proved less than grateful, though. Once Putin became president in his own stead, he was quick to cut his erstwhile patron down to size, forcing Berezvosky into exile.

Putin curtailed the power of other Yeltsin-era tycoons, too (most notably Mikhail Khodorkovsky, who now marks his 10th year of imprisonment in a labor camp), but in their place he raised up a new group of businessmen — many with ties to the old Soviet security services — who owed their fortunes to him. One of them, another KGB alumnus named Igor Sechin, who heads the country’s largest oil company, is regarded by some as the second-most powerful man after Putin himself.

But this isn’t only Russia’s problem.

As has now become apparent, globalization and the powerful economic forces it has unleashed have awarded unparalleled wealth and power to a tiny new elite. 

Call them what you will: the superclass, the plutocrats, the “global meritocracy.”

What they exemplify is the nexus of wealth and political power. And that’s a problem that is increasingly vexing voters in places from London to Kuala Lumpur.

It’s a challenge that takes different forms.

In China, membership in the ruling Communist Party is often the easy road to wealth. Many of today’s political scandals center on the antics of well-connected “princelings,” the descendants of senior party officials who embody the country’s peculiarly potent blend of Marxist-Leninist crony capitalism. Thanks to some remarkable digging by enterprising journalists in recent years, we’ve learned some astonishing things about the scale of privilege enjoyed by the extended families of notables such as President Xi Jinping and ex-Prime Minister Wen Jiabao.

But this hardly comes as a surprise.

When you consider that the People’s Republic is governed by the seven members of the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Communist Party, you’re talking about a tiny number of families who exercise unchecked control over one of the world’s largest economies. In such a setting, it’s only natural that political and economic power are mutually reinforcing.

The situation in China is, of course, the outcome of an economic liberalization program steered by an autocratic elite.

In the countries of the developed West the situation is rather different. The number of players is larger; wealth and political influence are more widely distributed.

But that is presumably small comfort to, say, the Americans who have emerged as losers from the country’s latest Gilded Age. ( Oh and Americans don’t like losing, in case you hadn’t noticed.)

Economic equality in the United States grew steadily during the first three decades of the period following World War II, but ground to a halt amid the stagflation and increasing international competition of the 1970s.

As economist Joseph Stiglitz notes in a recent editorial:

“Last year, the top 1 percent of Americans took home 22 percent of the nation’s income; the top 0.1 percent, 11 percent. 

Ninety-five percent of all income gains since 2009 have gone to the top 1 percent. 

Recently released census figures show that median income in America hasn’t budged in almost a quarter-century.”

At the same time, the extraordinary permissiveness of U.S. laws on lobbying and campaign financing has allowed wealthy elites to gain immense sway over the political process.

By now, anyone who follows American politics has heard the stories about the vast sums of cash spent by conservative business magnates like the Koch Brothers; less often discussed, perhaps, are the rich Democrats, such as George Soros or Tom Steyer, who are happy to leverage their wealth to shape policy.

But even less visible are the big corporations and industrial associations who can purchase lawmakers and fix legislation to boost their own bottom lines.

One recent academic study calculates that 40 percent of political campaign contributions in 2012 came from one-hundredth of 1 percent of U.S. households. That figure probably reflects the new economic elite’s growing awareness of its own political power — not to mention the apathy among other segments of the population who feel increasingly divorced from meaningful participation.

The erosion of alternative power centers, such as labor unions, undoubtedly contributes to a sense of rising cynicism and disengagement. It all serves to undermine the promise of America’s democratic system. (Given this context, it’s no wonder that the U.S. Supreme Court is once again weighing the question of limits on individual contributions to political campaigns.)

As a result, the United States is now experiencing a remarkable discussion of the causes of the new inequality and its political consequences. Authors from George Packer to Tyler Cowen are stirring impassioned debate about the perceived breakdown of the American social compact. The new book from economist Angus Deaton, “The Great Escape,” includes a memorable quote from the lawyer Louis Brandeis: “If democracy becomes plutocracy, those who are not rich are effectively disenfranchised.”

Can we stop the trend?

  •  Some — like Cowen, who believes that current inequality is largely a function of technological change — are skeptical.
  • Others insist that we can counter the drift towards government by the few with smart policies designed to level the playing field — above all in education, infrastructure and health care.
  • Measures to limit the role of money in politics probably wouldn’t be a bad idea either (presuming we can find some that actually work). For those who still believe in the primacy of the market, the package might also include measures designed to promote genuine competition in the place of today’s corporate welfare for politically plugged-in superfirms.

This certainly doesn’t mean giving up on capitalism.

As development economists point out, globalization has brought relative prosperity to many around the world who couldn’t even dream of it before. (Think, for a start, of all those Chinese peasants who can now afford three meals a day — unthinkable in times past.) Overall health and development indicators have improved dramatically over the past 50 years.

None of this, however, obviates the need to ensure that the extraordinary benefits accruing to the superstars at the top don’t end up disenfranchising the rest of us. Otherwise the future looks dark.

********************************

Balance of power, being able to control our own money, having access to clear and accurate information about banking practices so that what we do as individuals allows us to make informed and educated decisions, genuine decisions, about our own assets and lives are reasonable requests. Otherwise the future looks dark.

Our experience using METABANK crossed over into the dark zone. We were lied to. Our own cash money was kept from us. METABANK took our cash money first and then made up some far fetched story that was so easy to see through that it was disgusting. Seeing immoral and criminal acts, being lied to and being taken advantage by a power banker which is how METABANK has been acting, not only in the USA, but on a global scale is so extreme that we must speak up and out against how METABANK operates.

Consumers must align, join forces and work collectively for solutions to the problems created by METABANK and any other entity that wants to use consumer’s money as an interest free loan for themselves. METABANK operates as a usurer, a loan shark, in the greediest and most self-centered sense of that has ever existed.

METABANK began as a “THRIFT BANK” which catered to the poorest and most economically fragile citizens from whom they charged exorbitant interest rates and then moved into “COLLECTIONS” which is really what METABANK is all about, the enforcement of collections. METABANK sets up all the rules by which they operate and also retains the right to change the rules without notices. METABANK operates as a scam of consumers. No safe guards are in place to protect consumers from predators like METABANK. Only you as a consumer can protect yourselves.

If we hadn’t been so badly scammed by METABANK as their former customer, we wouldn’t feel so compelled to write this blog…. The reality is that METABANK abused us as their customer so we feel that all we can do is to alert others to prevent from happening to them what we had foisted upon us as a customer of METABANK. We are trying to put into action the “Golden Rule.” If only METABANK had treated us the way we would have liked to have been treated as customers

#1 We would have been pleased with the service we received from METABANK

#2 We would still be doing business with METABANK

#3 We would be endorsing the kind of product offered by METABANK       ………… BUT WE ARE NOT  !!!!!

BUT BECAUSE WE WERE SO ABUSED BY METABANK, WE CANNOT ENDORSE ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE COMING OUT OF STORM LAKE, IOWA.

CONSUMERS, BE WARNED!!! Don’t become a customer of MetaBank. Unfortunately, Meta Bank operates using many different names and they use a partner company to market their prepaid network branded bank cards.

Because METABANK is the largest processor of the Network Branded Prepaid Bank Cards, it will be difficult for you to know if you are a customer of METABANK or one operating in the same manner as METABANK. METABANK has offered classes to other banking entities in their methods so as to normalize their practices.

We are curious about the placement of METABANK advertisements.

When your boss asks you to do work that you perceive to be immoral…..

Exploring the Self-Esteem Related to “Having a Job” any job…. an immoral job may backfire

We have wondered how the METABANK employees who answer the phones as customer service representatives actually feel about what they do.

 

Certainly they must know they are lying to people, ordinary people who are just like them.

 

Statistics show that bank tellers in Storm Lake Iowa earn salaries that place them below poverty level.  How desperate can these phone representatives be? Have they been so mislead that they believe in what they are doing?

If they are ignorant of what they are doing, what will it take for them to realize that they are the ones who are making METABANK’s CEOS super rich while they still live below the poverty level?

Could they understand that by lying to the customers that this is dishonest? For how long can these customer representatives going on perpetuating this lie that makes their CEOs so rich? Certainly there must be something in it for these people to lie to other people who are so much like them at the other end of the phone? What kind of “UNTRUTHS” have these METABANK phone representatives been fed so that they carry out the dirtiest job on behalf of the METABANK CEOs?

At Work: Job, self-esteem tied tightly together

Andrea Kay, Gannett12:57 p.m. EDT August 31, 2013

Feedback on the job can be a buffer against depression.

Work means so much to us Americans that without it some people don’t want to get out of bed in the morning.

That is likely one reason unemployed adults and those not working as much as they would like are twice as likely to be depressed as Americans employed full time. [Feeling stuck in a dead-end job such as being a phone representative for METABANK…. This has got to be a pathetic and hopeless situation for those who are being required to do the dirty work that makes the METABANK CEOs rich and then richer yet.]

STORY: Who’s feeling stressed? Young adults
COLUMN: Workers’ happiness rubs off on profits [ Think about this!!!!!!]

That’s the conclusion of a Jan. 1-July 25 survey of more than 100,000 Americans conducted by the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index. It says 16.6% of unemployed Americans are depressed compared to 5.6% of those who work full time.

“Self-esteem and self-worth are closely aligned with working,” says psychotherapist Charles Allen, who estimates about 10% of his clients are out of work or worried about losing their job.

When you have a job, you have a continuous source of feedback that you are a contributing member of society, he says. That’s not to say you go to work thinking, “Hey, I’m a valued member of society.” The idea is largely subconscious.

[But what if you are asked to harm innocent people who are just like you whom you only encounter at the other end of the phone??? That can’t feel hopeful in anyway.]

“You feel it in the depths of your brain,” he says.

Being employed helps you feel wanted and that you’re contributing to your finances, says psychotherapist Elizabeth Lombardo. It also gives you social support — “a buffer against depression.”

In his practice, psychotherapist Jonathan Alpert sees a lot of unemployed people who are depressed.

He describes them as usually feeling hopeless and helpless, their sense of identity greatly diminished.

“Employment provides a sense of purpose, … of belongingness,” he says. “Those who are unemployed lack that purpose.”

Some unemployed workers also lack structure, which leads to unhealthy habits like staying up until 3 a.m. then getting up late the next day. That “makes them feel even more different than the employed,” Alpert says.

Being depressed also can affect your ability to seek and keep a job.

Allen’s depressed clients who are unemployed “typically have tremendous difficulty in finding work because they lack energy and drive to engage in a job hunt,” he says. Their pessimism and feelings of worthlessness also contribute to the idea that they won’t find work.

When motivation plummets, you withdraw and “why bother?” prevails, Lombardo says.

A depressed person may not do well in interviews.

“Who wants to hire ‘Debbie Downer?’ ” she asks.

Some people who are depressed can have a tough time keeping a job: They take too much time off, have a lack of drive, don’t concentrate well and sometimes simply don’t care, Alpert says.

[ The term “SIMPLY DON’T CARE” highlights that some people may take a job as a phone representative at METABANK just to have a job. They may understand that what they are doing is immoral, but perceive that there aren’t many other options. This has got to be a sad state of affairs for these employees. If they could see a positive way forward, internally they may be able to ask for the right to treat others fairly…. This situation is predatory on so many levels…. Shame on METABANK CEOs who created this abhorent and offensive scenario.]

They also “often have a poor self-image and lack confidence, two factors that strongly impact job retention and performance,” he says.

Alpert says he also sees a lot of another type of depression — in people who are employed.

It “usually stems from high stress and feeling disenchanted with their job or simply unhappy with the direction their career has taken them,” he says.

Feeling stuck in a position “can bring about a sense you have no control over your situation,” Lombardo says. “Feeling powerless can cause depression. And depression can lead to getting demoted.”

Depression among those with jobs costs U.S. employers $23 billion annually in lost productivity, according to Gallup.

The survey found that depression decreases as income rises. It showed that Americans who earn less than $36,000 annually are nearly three times more likely to be depressed than those who earn more than $90,000 annually.

Depression takes a toll on a person — employed or jobless — as well as the economy.

[We find it impossible to believe that the METABANK Phone representatives who lie to customers can do this in the long term without having some feelings of remorse. We have, of course, made the assumption that they are human beings. How desperate are they that they can continue to lie to people who are a lot like them at the other end of the phone?]

It may be depressing to talk about depression. But the more we know about it and discuss it, the more likely the stigma associated with it will be reduced.  [We believe that America is a sick society at this time. It is imperative that as ordinary people that we insist on humane treatment of each other… this treatment goes both ways, you know… It is the “Golden Rule.”]

And perhaps the people who need help the most will get it.

Career consultant Andrea Kay is the author of This Is How To Get Your Next Job: An Inside Look at What Employers Really Want.

 

Note:  Please notice carefully where METABANK and any other Prepaid Bank Card offered places their advertisements 

Solving Customer’s Problems Should Be of the Foremost Importance…. METABANK abused us while we were their customer

Customer Service Solves Problems To Create Loyal Clients

but NOT SO at METABANK

Make it easy for frustrated customers to contact you, get problems solved. You’ll create loyal clients.

In the past 30 days, I canceled service with three companies I’ve used for years.

Customer service was the reason. It was that bad.

 

But I kept my business with another company even though its actual service keeps messing up. That business’ customer service is that good.

Customer-service representatives are everywhere. Anyone with a phone, TV, computer, coffee maker, credit card or insurance; or who buys subscription services or makeup from shady companies advertising on TV has dealings with them.

And let’s not forget about business-to-business customer-service reps. [This is part of how METABANK performs their scam.]

Their numbers are growing by the minute. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts the profession will expand 15.5% through 2020.

Call centers alone had almost 23,000 vacant jobs, more than a third listed in the past week, according to CallCenterCrossing, which calls itself the largest collection of call-center jobs. The company cites the health care law, holiday season and general economic expansion as the chief reasons for a rise in call-center hiring.

As long as companies offer things to buy and services to use, folks will need help.

[Customers have over a period of many years now indicated that METABANK and its affiliates, including the Network Branded Bank Card Association, fail when it comes to customer service. We, as former METABANK customers/clients believe, based on our own personal experience using METABANK et al., that METABANK by design treats their customers in an abusive manner. We have been scammed and lied to. We have been treated in an inhumane manner.

METABANK does not offer any kind of model that should be used as a guideline by any other entity…. METABANK relies on numbers and the population is growing rapidly.

METABANK relies on getting partner corporate entities to market their prepaid bank card  a relationship which is in fact one that will increase the rate of decline of that partner company. At first the partner company will experience an initial  spurt that may appear to be great and fabulous; this is the honeymoon, but it is a marriage that is doomed by design. METABANK only wants their partner companies’ list of customers whom METABANK will use for their own financial gain.

In establishing this partnership, METABANK promises to take care of all the collections for their partner. Collections is the dirtiest of dirty work so the partner company is happy to hand over this part of the operation to METABANK. METABANK, as we former customers have found, has an abusive customer service system by design.

When METABANK’s customer serivice representatives basically went through a list of standard lies they had been handed to use for all situation; the lies serve to blame the customer for the problems the customer had encountered using METABANK. However, by design, METABANK created a prepaid bank card which customers load with cash money, and then METABANK limits and controls when and even if a customer will be able to have access to their own money…. This scheme is predatory. It is based upon false and misleading promises.

METABANK is by design immoral. Only consumers can speak up to warn others so that METABANK can be stopped from doing this great scam on the people.]

Companies claim to know how important these front-line jobs are. They say they strive for a “customer-first mindset,” “transparency and accountability,” “positive customer relationships” and “consistent and efficient delivery of superior customer service.”

So why don’t more customer-service reps deliver? Is it the company or the employees?

Likely both.

Workers tell me they want these jobs because they like people. Yet too many companies do everything they can to not let their people talk to us.

Finding contact information can be like a game of hide-and-seek.

Some refuse to talk to you. Take Twitter: [This isn’t a model anyone should follow!!!!!]

My account has had a problem for four months. I’ve obediently followed Twitter’s directions and sent in a dozen requests for help.

I’m still waiting for an answer.

On the other hand, companies such as crowdSPRING help businesses and creative talent find each other and make it easy for customers to communicate with them.

[This concept is an old one that worked. It worked very well. This is what we as consumers expect, but this is not at all what METABANK provides. METABANK uses this concept to catch consumers and their partner companies off guard so that METABANK can get their foot in the door. What META BANK does is an IMMORAL ACT.]

This company posts its phone number on every page of its site. No doubt this springs from the philosophy of co-founder Mike Samson who tells his reps that the spoken word is better than the written word, to say “please” and “thank you” and always end with “much obliged.”

 

People who get into customer service tell me they love to solve problems.

Yet “I can’t help you with that” are the last words that a lot of people hear from a customer-service rep.

  • Those workers either don’t know how to think like a problem solver or don’t think they have the authority to help.
  • Some customer-service reps are plain mean. The other day I asked a one that I could barely hear if she might speak a little louder.   She snapped, “No, I can’t scream.”
  • When you keep getting bad customer service, you wonder why companies keep sending surveys asking how your customer-service experience went.
  • I also often wonder why companies insist that customer-service reps speak canned faux caring phrases like “Have a nice day” after they’ve been mean and obstructive.

Chief Operating Officer Zach Cusimano of Bizness Apps, which makes mobile apps for companies, says his business doesn’t coach reps to use particular phrases.

Company officials do encourage them to “throw in some love” and foster more interactions by saying, “I’m happy to help,” “Please let me know if you have any other questions,” and “Looking forward to hearing from you again.”

[However, if these statements are nothing but empty words with no real response and no action behind them then they are useless. It is our strong impression as former METABANK customers that the CEOs of METABANK have created all of the guidelines, which include a list of rote excuses for why it is always the customers’ fault for any problems they may have encountered. METABANK creates the problems by which they get rich and then richer; METABANK breaks with every expectation that any person would normally expect.

METABANK creates all the rules and retains the right to change all of the rules without notice. This is bad, but on top of that METABANK takes customer’s money and keeps us/them from having access to their own money while using the NETWORK BRANDED PREPAID BANK CARD.

The NETWORK BRANDED PREPAID BANK CARD amounts to being an interest free loan from customers to a very rich bank. The whole concept has been reversed. Potential customers are mislead into taking on such a card by the partner company who is in effect being used as a “PATSY” in this dynamic triangle of abuse of the consumer.]

I contend that more people would like their customer-service jobs and customers would be happier if they did what Jesse Richardson does.

“We love our customers,” Richardson says. She is conscious community officer for Conscious Box, a subscription service for eco-friendly products.

Seriously.

If you want a satisfying career helping solve problems for people who are frustrated, confused and sometimes angry, care for them no matter what.

Find a great company that values them and you.

In the 25 years I’ve counseled people with their careers, most tell me one thing: I want to be of service to others. Here’s your chance.

[As former customers of METABANK we had expected this kind of treatment, but METABANK and the NETWORK BRANDED PREPAID CARD ASSOCIATION act in a predatory manner so that they abuse their customers, only to move onto the next  person so they can dupe that person. The huge size of our population is how METABANK has been able to get away with this kind of scam for as long as they have. Only you can stop this kind of a scam.]

Career consultant Andrea Kay is the author of This Is How To Get Your Next Job: An Inside Look at What Employers Really Want.

PayPower – Meta Payment Systems are a Scam

Paypower held my $4000 for no reason and refuse to give me my money!!
When I asked them to close my account and give me back my money, they refused!

 

You don’t even have to put in your card number or identify yourself when you call them, they know you by your voice!

They refuse to give their last names and the Nevada detectives are investigating them!

Don’t use them!!!

 

They have at least 72 complaints on ripoffreport.com and at least 90 on pissedconsumer.com!!!!

 

They claim that all the reviews online are not true and that they are reputable but they steal your identity and your money!

 

I sent them all the documents they requested and then they are asking for a copy of my paycheck to release the hold that they placed on my $4000 for NO REASON AT ALL!

 

PAYPOWER IS A SCAM!!!!!!!!

 

PayPower stole $4000 from me!!!!

 

Mrnd5 would like to thank you for your input. We also need you to help consumers even more.

The scenario as described above indicates clearly that you have been  

scammed by Pay Power. Please contact your attorney general or the US

Attorney General or anyone who can effectively change these practices.

 

This is a common complaint about how Meta Bank operates.

We were all scammed by Meta Bank or another bank operating like Meta Bank or by Meta Bank using another name.

As consumers, we want to be protected from such abuses.

Please let your elected officials know about your needs as a consumer and only vote for people who will serve you as a consumer.

How METABANK ruins the lives of their customers on so many levels… a scientific study to be applied to the way METABANK treats their customers

Killer Stress: A National Geographic Special   

Below you will find the transcript of this National Geographic Special that explains how stress is a killer.

Being a customer os METABANK is stressful. We established this blog to alert others and to allow them to protect themselves.

What many former customers of METABANK have found is that METABANK scammed them and then lied to the customer, and attempted to push the blame for the problem back off onto the customer. Customer after customer has reported that METABANK took control of their money using misleading promises that a prepaid bankcard would be safer and more secure. The prepaid bankcard gives all control of a customer’s money over to METABANK; the prepaid cards bring in lots of money for METABANK. The prepaid bank cards are safer and more secure for METABANK, but not for METABANK customers.

METABANK CEOs make in the range of $700,000.00 annually. METABANK brags that they got started as a “thrift bank” that is as a bank who sought “to serve” the underbanked” and “un-banked” in our society. This meant that METABANK seeks to establish a relationship with their customer base that would allow METABANK CEOs to be the “Alpha” primate while their customer base in general is in a subservient position. METABANK lures in partner companies and customer using false promises; this is a form of aggression against their customer base because of the way that METABANK has designed a product that repeatedly fails to meet customer’s needs.

I was struck by the fact that METABANK was so ready to lie to me about why I couldn’t access my own money and that they worked hardest at trying to push the blame for the problem off onto me as their customer. Of course, online, I would learn that METABANK by design fails customers; this is what makes METABANK’s CEOs so rich.

Those who are abused by METABANK and any system that operates in a similar manner would be well advised not to do business with METABANK. It turns out that there are health consequences for any and all METABANK customers. Please read the following transcript:

Created by PBS2

Aired at 11:00 PM on Monday, Apr 12, 2010 (4/12/2010)

Transcript

00:00:02

Saplosky: Chronic stress could do something as unsubtle and grotesque as kill some of your brain cells.

00:00:08

Narrator: The impact of stress can be found deep within us, shrinking our brains, adding fat to our bellies, even unraveling our chromosomes.

00:00:19

Blackburn: This is real.

00:00:20

This is not just somebody whining.

00:00:22

[Baboon shrieking] Narrator: Stress– savior, tyrant, plague– its portrait revealed.

00:01:01

This program was made possible by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you.

00:01:08

Thank you.

00:01:11

Narrator: All of us have a personal relationship with stress.

00:01:15

But few of us know how it operates within us or understand how the onslaught of the modern world can stress us to the point of death.

00:01:30

Fewer still know what we can do about it.

00:01:42

But over the last three decades, stanford university neurobiologist robert sapolsky has been advancing our understanding of stress– how it impacts our bodies and how our social standing can make us more or less susceptible.

00:02:00

Most of the time you can find him teaching and researching in the high achieving, high stressed world of brain science.

00:02:13

But that’s only part of his story.

00:02:15

For a few weeks every year or so, sapolsky shifts his lab to a place more than 9,000 miles away, on the plains of the masai mara reserve in kenya, east africa.

00:02:37

Robert sapolsky first came to africa over 30 years ago on a hunch.

00:02:42

He suspected he could find out more about humans, stress and disease by looking at non-humans.

00:02:50

And he knew just the non-humans.

00:02:54

Sapolsky: You live in a place like this, you’re a baboon, and you only have to spend about three hours a day getting your calories.

00:03:00

And if you only have to work three hours a day, you’ve got nine hours of free time every day to devote to making somebody else just miserable.

00:03:10

[Baboons shrieking] they’re not being stressed by lions chasing them all the time, they’re being stressed by each other.

00:03:18

They’re being stressed by social and psychological tumult invented by their own species.

00:03:24

They’re a perfect model for westernized stress-related disease.

00:03:28

Narrator: To determine just what toll stress was taking on their bodies, sapolsky wanted to look inside these wild baboons– at the cellular level for the very first time.

00:03:39

..

00:03:42

In the most unassuming way.

00:03:46

Sapolsky: Basically is what you’re trying to do is anesthetize a baboon without him knowing it’s coming because you don’t want to have any of this anticipatory stress, so you can’t just, you know, get in your jeep and chase the baboon up and down the field for three hours, and finally, when he’s winded, dart him with an anesthetic.

00:04:07

The big advantages of a blow gun are that it’s pretty much silent and hasn’t a whole lot in the way of moving parts.

00:04:16

But the big drawback is it doesn’t go very far.

00:04:22

So what you spend just a bizarre amount of time doing is trying to figure out how to look nonchalant around a baboon.

00:04:32

[Blows] got him.

00:04:34

Time?

00:04:36

Ok, he is wobbling now.

00:04:38

Whoop, there he goes.

00:04:41

Narrator: From each baboon blood sample, robert measured levels of hormones central to the stress response.

00:04:48

Sapolsky: Well, to make sense of what’s happening in your body, you’ve got these two hormones that are the work horses of the whole stress response.

00:04:55

One of them we all know, adrenaline.

00:04:58

American version, epinephrine.

00:05:00

The other is a less known hormone called glucocorticoids.

00:05:04

It comes out of the adrenal gland along with adrenaline.

00:05:07

And these are the two backbones of the stress response.

00:05:11

Narrator: That stress response and those two hormones are critical to our survival.

00:05:19

Sapolsky: Because what stress is about is somebody is very intent on eating you or you are very intent on eating somebody and there’s immediate crisis going on.

00:05:30

Narrator: When you run for your life, basics are all that matter.

00:05:34

Lungs work overtime to pump mammoth quantities of oxygen into the bloodstream.

00:05:40

The heart races to pump that oxygen throughout the body so muscles respond instantly.

00:05:48

Sapolsky: You need your blood pressure up to deliver that energy.

00:05:51

You need to turn off anything that’s not essential.

00:05:54

..

00:05:56

You know, you’re running for your life.

00:05:57

This is no time to ovulate.

00:05:59

Tissue repair, all that sort of thing.

00:06:01

Do it later if there is a later.

00:06:03

Narrator: When the zebra escapes, its stress response shuts down.

00:06:08

But human beings can’t seem to find their “off” switch.

00:06:13

Sapolsky: We turn on the exact same stress response for purely psychological states.

00:06:17

Thinking about the ozone layer, the taxes coming up, mortality, 30-year mortgages, we turn on the same stress response and the key difference there is we’re not doing it for a real physiological reason and we’re doing it non-stop.

00:06:34

Narrator: By not turning off the stress response when reacting to life’s traffic jams, we wallow in a corrosive bath of hormones.

00:06:43

Even though it’s not life or death, we hyperventilate.

00:06:48

Our hearts pound.

00:06:50

Muscles tense.

00:06:52

Sapolsky: Ironically, after a while, the stress response is more damaging than the stressor itself, because the stressor is some psychological nonsense that you’re falling for.

00:07:01

No zebra on earth, running for its life, would understand why fear of speaking in public would cause you to secrete the same hormones that it’s doing at that point to save its life.

00:07:15

Narrator: Stress is the body’s way of rising to a challenge, whether the challenge is life-threatening, trivial or fun.

00:07:24

Sapolsky: You get the right amount of stress and we call it stimulation.

00:07:28

The goal in life isn’t to get rid of stress.

00:07:30

The goal in life is to have the right type of stress because when it’s the right type, we love it.

00:07:35

[People screaming] we jump out of our seats to experience it, we pay good money to get stressed that way.

00:07:44

It tends to be a moderate stressor, where you’ve got a stressor that’s transient.

00:07:50

It’s not for nothing roller coaster rides are not three weeks long.

00:07:52

And most of all what they’re about is you relinquish a little bit of control in a setting that overall feels safe.

00:08:03

Narrator: But, in real life, for so many of us primates, including robert’s baboons, control is not an option.

00:08:18

Sapolsky: You get some big male who loses a fight, and chases a sub-adult, who bites an adult female, who slaps a juvenile, who knocks an infant out of a tree all in 15 seconds.

00:08:32

Insofar as a huge component of stress is lack of control, lack of predictability, you’re sitting there and you’re just watching the zebra and somebody else is having a bad day and it’s your rear end that’s going to get slashed.

00:08:47

So tremendously psychologically stressful for the folks further down on the hierarchy.

00:08:54

Narrator: One of robert’s early revelations was identifying the link between stress and hierarchy in baboons.

00:09:03

Some baboon troops are over 100 strong.

00:09:07

Like us, they have evolved large brains to navigate the complexities of large societies.

00:09:13

Survival here requires a kind of political savvy– with the most cunning and aggressive males gaining top rank and all the perks– females for the choosing, all the food they can eat, and an endless retinue of willing groomers.

00:09:33

Every male knows where he stands in society– who can torture him; who he can torture; and who, in turn, the torturee can torture.

00:09:46

Sapolsky: Well, this sounds like a terrible thing to confess after 30 years, but I don’t actually like baboons all that much.

00:09:52

I mean, there’s been individual guys over the years who I absolutely love, but they’re these scheming, back-stabbing machiavellian bastards.

00:10:01

They’re awful to each other, so they’re great for my science.

00:10:05

I mean, I’m not out here to commune with them.

00:10:07

They’re perfect for what I study.

00:10:09

Narrator: 22 Years ago at the age of 30 robert sapolsky’s landmark research earned him the MacArthur foundation’s genius fellowship.

00:10:21

His early work– measuring stress hormones from extracted blood– led to two remarkable discoveries.

00:10:29

A baboon’s rank determined the level of stress hormone in his system.

00:10:37

So, if you’re a dominant male, you can expect your stress hormones to be low.

00:10:43

And if you’re submissive, much higher.

00:10:49

But there was an even more astonishing find in sapolsky’s sample: Low rankers–the have-nots– had increased heart rates and higher blood pressure.

00:10:58

This was the first time anyone had linked stress to the deteriorating health of a primate in the wild.

00:11:05

Sapolsky: Basically, if you’re, you know, a stressed, unhealthy baboon in a typical troop, high blood pressure, elevated levels of stress hormones, you have an immune system that doesn’t work as well, your reproductive system is more vulnerable of being knocked out of whack.

00:11:20

Your brain chemistry is one that bears some similarity to what you see in clinically depressed humans.

00:11:27

And all that stuff, those are not predictors of a hale and hearty old age.

00:11:37

Narrator: Could this also be true for that other primate?

00:11:41

As robert sapolsky was monitoring stress in baboons, professor sir michael marmot was leading a study in great britain that tracked the health of more than 28,000 people over the course of 40 years.

00:11:57

It was named for whitehall, citadel of the british civil service, where every job is ranked in a precise hierarchy– the perfect laboratory to determine whether in humans there might be a link between rank and stress.

00:12:14

Man: I mean, that’s the thing about stress.

00:12:16

I think you’ve got to look at it in both acute terms and chronic terms.

00:12:18

And I think I’ve been under chronic stress in this organization simply because I’m a square peg in a round hole.

00:12:25

Narrator: Kevin brooks is a government lawyer.

00:12:30

His rank–level seven– means he has little seniority in his department.

00:12:34

He lives the life of a subordinate.

00:12:38

Brooks: I think what I was most aware of at the time was the workload and how I had most of it under control, but one of my cases wasn’t wholly under control, I’d let it slip, and it was a bit like, you know, being in a car and hitting an ice patch and skidding.

00:12:55

But nonetheless I came in monday morning, and my immediate manager, let’s call him ben– ben wants a word with you.

00:13:03

So we find a room, he shuts the door, then he says, you know what you’ve done, you know what happened while you were away?

00:13:09

We couldn’t find one of your files.

00:13:12

Do you know what that meant?

00:13:13

He just gave me a darn good kicking, you know?

00:13:16

Psychologically, he did me over.

00:13:18

And at the end of it, it was more threats, it was, right, this may be a disciplinary matter.

00:13:22

So I left the room, crossed over the corridor to my own room, and I just burst into tears.

00:13:29

..and wept.

00:13:35

Narrator: Sarah woodhall also works for the government.

00:13:39

Unlike kevin, she is a senior civil servant.

00:13:42

Woodhall: There are about 160 people reporting to me ultimately one way or another within the sector.

00:13:49

I do really enjoy working in civil service.

00:13:52

It’s quite a dynamic environment, it can be quite exciting.

00:13:58

I like working with lots of people, so, yeah, I do really enjoy my job.

00:14:04

Narrator: Such dramatically different reflections dramatize one of the most astounding scientific findings in the whitehall study.

00:14:12

Marmot: Firstly, it showed that the lower you were in the hierarchy, the higher your risk of heart disease and other diseases.

00:14:20

So people second from the top had higher risks than those at the top, people third from the top had a higher risk than those second from the top, and it ran all the way from top to bottom.

00:14:32

We’re dealing with people in stable jobs with no industrial exposures.

00:14:36

And yet your position in the hierarchy intimately related to your risk of disease and length of life.

00:14:44

Woodhall: I’ve been very lucky.

00:14:45

I haven’t ever experienced any problems with my health.

00:14:49

Since I’ve been in the senior civil service I haven’t had a day off with ill health.

00:14:54

So I’ve been very fortunate.

00:14:57

Brooks: In my own situation, I think that my career is pretty much tainted.

00:15:03

It’s pretty much arrested.

00:15:05

Because I’ve had– for instance, out of the last three years at work, I’ve been off sick for probably half that time.

00:15:12

Sapolsky: This particular study is sort of the rosetta stone of the whole field, because it’s the british civil service system.

00:15:18

Everybody’s got the same medical care, everybody’s got the same universal health care system, just like the baboons.

00:15:24

All the baboons eat the same thing, they have the same level of activity.

00:15:27

It’s not this stuff that, oh, if you’re a low-ranking baboon, you smoke too much and you drink too much.

00:15:32

And if you’re a low rank in the british civil service you never go to the doctor, you don’t get preventive vaccines.

00:15:38

Both of these studies rule out all those confounds, and they produce virtually identical findings.

00:15:44

Narrator: On both sides of the primate divide, there are soul-wrenching stories and life-threatening consequences.

00:15:52

For every subordinate, like kevin, living a life of baboon uncertainty, there is an alpha strutting his stuff, glorying in power– over someone else, someone unsuspecting, someone low-ranking.

00:16:17

[Blows] Sapolsky: Got him.

00:16:21

12:46.

00:16:23

Sapolsky: Do either of you see where the dart is?

00:16:26

Girl: Yeah, I do.

00:16:27

Sapolsky: Ok, guys, who do you think’s higher ranking?

00:16:30

Boy: Our guy.

00:16:31

Sapolsky: Yeah.

00:16:36

Watch carefully, make sure the other guy doesn’t hassle him.

00:16:40

Narrator: This year, robert brought his family to africa.

00:16:43

His wife, neuropsychologist lisa share-sapolsky, has also done extensive research with baboons.

00:16:51

And for the first time, they brought along their kids, benjamin and rachel.

00:17:05

Sapolsky: All the baboons are perfectly willing to get very freaked out by a human coming over and touching one of these guys.

00:17:12

But cover him with the burlap and he doesn’t exist anymore.

00:17:17

Oh, my god– he’s there, he’s there– oop, not there anymore!

00:17:24

Sapolsky: This is not quite like take your kids to work day.

00:17:26

But this is a pretty central feature of who I am by now, and who my wife and I are, and if our kids want to know where we came from, this is pretty fundamental.

00:17:41

Narrator: As in previous seasons robert measures how individuals at every level of the baboon hierarchy react to and recover from stress.

00:17:51

Sapolsky: So what we’re doing, we’re now going to challenge the system with increasing doses of epinephrine.

00:18:02

Narrator: The baboon’s response is immediately picked up in its blood– vital signs that can be deep frozen in perpetuity.

00:18:13

Sapolsky: It’s this storehouse of potential knowledge, and I got 30 years of those blood samples frozen away at this point because you never know when some new hormone or some new something or other pops up.

00:18:25

And that’s the thing to look at and start pulling out those samples back to when, you know, jimmy carter was president.

00:18:32

..125.

00:18:34

Narrator: Anticipating the long reach of stress is a recent idea, for when robert was rachel’s age, scientists believed stress was the cause of only one major problem.

00:18:47

Film narrator: This is a picture of a major american personnel problem– an ugly sore that doctors call a peptic ulcer, eating away at the wall of a man’s stomach.

00:18:59

[Dramatic music playing] those stomach pains that you talk about– the gnawing, the burning– those are obvious symptoms of gastric ulcers.

00:19:10

Sapolsky: 30 Years ago what’s the disease that comes to everybody’s mind when you mention stress?

00:19:14

stress and ulcers, stress and ulcers.

00:19:18

This was the first stress-related disease discovered, in fact, 70 years ago.

00:19:22

What I want you to do is to work on your attitude.

00:19:26

My attitude?

00:19:27

That’s right.

00:19:28

Ulcers breed on the wrong kind of feelings.

00:19:30

You’ve got to be honest with yourself about the way you feel about things.

00:19:33

Finding a new doctor sounds like a better answer to me.

00:19:38

Narrator: The connection between stress and ulcers was mainstream medical gospel until the late 1980s.

00:19:45

Then australian researchers identified a bacteria as the major cause of ulcers.

00:19:51

Sapolsky: And this overthrew the entire field.

00:19:54

This was it’s got nothing to do with stress.

00:19:57

It’s a bacterial disorder.

00:19:59

And I’m willing to bet half the gastroenterologists on earth, when they heard about this, went out and celebrated that night.

00:20:04

This was like the greatest news.

00:20:05

Never again were they going to have to sit down their patients and make eye contact and ask them how’s it going, so anything stressful?

00:20:14

It’s got nothing to do with stress, it’s a bacterial disorder.

00:20:16

Narrator: So no longer would the solution be stress management.

00:20:19

Now it could be something as simple as a pill.

00:20:24

It was a major breakthrough.

00:20:27

Stress didn’t cause ulcers.

00:20:31

Case closed.

00:20:34

But a few years later the research took a new twist.

00:20:40

Scientists discovered that this ulcer-causing bacteria wasn’t unique.

00:20:45

In fact, as much as two thirds of the world’s population has it.

00:20:50

So why do only a fraction of these people develop ulcers?

00:20:55

Research revealed that when stressed the body begins shutting down all non-essential systems, including the immune system.

00:21:04

And it became clear that if you shut down the immune system, stomach bacteria can run amok.

00:21:11

Sapolsky: Because what the stress does is wipe out the ability of your body to begin to repair your stomach walls when they start rotting away from this bacteria.

00:21:21

Narrator: So stress can cause ulcers– by disrupting our body’s ability to heal itself.

00:21:29

If stress can undermine the immune system, what other havoc can it wreak?

00:21:35

One answer comes from a colony of captive macaque monkeys near winston-salem, north carolina.

00:21:43

Shively: People think of stress as something that keeps them up at night or something that makes them yell at their kids.

00:21:49

But when you ask me what is stress, I say, “look at it, it’s this huge plaque in this artery, ” Narrator: carol shively has been studying the arteries of macaques.

00:22:06

Like baboons and british civil servants, these primates organize themselves into distinctly hierarchical groups and subject each other to social stress.

00:22:20

Stress hormones can trigger an intense negative cardiovascular response– a pounding heart and increased blood pressure.

00:22:29

So if stress follows rank, would the cardiovascular system of a high-ranking macaque– call him a primate ceo– be different from his subordinate?

00:22:43

When shively looked at the arteries of a dominant monkey– one with little history of stress– its arteries were clean.

00:22:51

But a subordinate monkey’s arteries told a grim tale.

00:22:56

Shively: A subordinate artery has lots more atherosclerosis built up inside it than a dominant artery has.

00:23:04

Narrator: Stress and the resulting flood of hormones had increased blood pressure, damaging artery walls, making them repositories for plaque.

00:23:15

Shively: So now when you feel threatened, your arteries don’t expand and your heart muscle doesn’t get more blood and that can lead to a heart attack.

00:23:26

This is not an abstract concept, it’s not something that maybe someday you should do something about.

00:23:31

You need to attend to it today because it’s affecting the way your body functions, and stress today will affect your health tomorrow and for years to come.

00:23:43

Narrator: Social and psychological stress– whether macaque, human or baboon– can clog our arteries, restrict blood flow, jeopardize the health of our heart.

00:23:55

And that’s just the beginning of stress’ deadly curse.

00:24:05

Robert’s early research demonstrated that stress works on us in an even more frightening way.

00:24:12

Sapolsky: Well, back when I was starting in this business, what I wound up focusing on was what seemed an utterly implausible idea at the time, which was chronic stress and chronic exposure to glucocorticoids could do something as unsubtle and grotesque as kill some of your brain cells.

00:24:33

Narrator: As a phd candidate at rockefeller university IN THE EARLY 1980s, Sapolsky collaborated with his mentor, dr.

00:24:39

bruce McEwen, to follow the path of stress into the brain.

00:24:48

They subjected lab rats to chronic stress and then examined their brain cells.

00:24:54

The team made an astonishing find: They found that while the cells of normal rat brains have extensive branches, stressed rats’ brain cells were dramatically smaller.

00:25:07

Sapolsky: And what was most interesting in many ways was the part of the brain where this was happening, hippocampus.

00:25:14

You take intro neurobiology any time for the last 5,000 years, and what you learn is hippocampus is learning and memory.

00:25:22

Narrator: Stress in these rats shrank the part of their brain responsible for memory.

00:25:28

McEwen: Stress affects memory in two ways.

00:25:30

Chronic stress can actually change brain circuits so that we lose the capacity to remember things as we need to.

00:25:41

Very severe, acute stress can have another effect which is often we refer to as “stress makes you stupid,” which is making it impossible for you, over short periods of time, to remember things you know perfectly well.

00:25:57

Sapolsky: We all know that phenomenon, we all know that one from back when we stressed ourselves by not getting any sleep at all, 00 we couldn’t remember a single thing for that final exam.

00:26:09

You take a human and stress them big time, long time, and you’re going to have a hippocampus that pays the price as well.

00:26:16

Narrator: So, in addition to undermining our health, stress can make us feel plain miserable.

00:26:22

Carol shively set out to find out why.

00:26:26

She began not with misery but with pleasure.

00:26:30

Shively suspected that there was a link between stress, pleasure, and where we stand on the social hierarchy.

00:26:37

Just like stress, pleasure is linked to the chemistry of the brain.

00:26:43

When a neurotransmitter called dopamine is released in the brain, it binds to receptors, signaling pleasure.

00:26:53

scanner to explore this process first by looking into the brain of a non-stressed primate, ” Shively: What we see is that the brains of dominant monkeys light up bright with lots of dopamine binding in this area that’s so important to reward and feeling pleasure about life.

00:27:14

Narrator: Shively then looked at the subordinate’s brain.

00:27:18

Shively: What we discovered is that the brains of the subordinate monkeys are very, very dull because there’s much less receptor binding going on in this area.

00:27:29

Why is that?

00:27:30

What is it about this area of the brain?

00:27:33

When you have less dopamine, everything around you that you would normally take pleasure in is less pleasurable, so the sun doesn’t shine so bright, the grass is not so green, food doesn’t taste as good.

00:27:45

It’s because of the way your brain is functioning that you’re doing that, and your brain is functioning that way because you’re low on the social status hierarchy.

00:27:53

Sapolsky: One feature of low rank is being low-ranking, the reality.

00:27:56

An even stronger feature, by the time you get to humans, is not just being low ranking or poor, it’s feeling low ranking or poor.

00:28:04

And one of the best ways for society to make you feel like one of the have-nots is to rub your nose over and over and over again with what you don’t have.

00:28:14

Narrator: Richmond, california– a town where society’s extremes can be spotted right from your car.

00:28:20

This is cardiologist jeffrey ritterman’s regular commute.

00:28:25

Ritterman: You can learn a lot about the stress and health outcome just from the neighborhoods you visit.

00:28:31

In this neighborhood, the life expectancy is quite good and most of the people are pretty healthy.

00:28:38

And as we reach the top of the hill, it gets to be a little bit less privileged.

00:28:45

And as we make this transition, the social status begins to drop, and correspondingly, in those areas, the health outcome is much worse.

00:28:57

And these people are not going to have the same life expectancy as the people in the middle class area we started in.

00:29:08

People are on guard, people are vigilant, they’re living a more stressful life.

00:29:14

This is a community that produces high stress hormones in people, and over time it takes its toll.

00:29:21

Narrator: ritterman’s patients is 65-year-old emanuel johnson.

00:29:27

guidance counselor in one of america’s most dangerous neighborhoods.

00:29:32

Johnson: Last year I think we had 47 homicides, you know.

00:29:36

In the last 4 days, we had 11 shootings, 3 deaths.

00:29:41

And I just know, nine times out of ten, it’s going to be a relative or someone that the kids know.

00:29:48

Narrator: For emanuel johnson, there is a price for chronic exposure to this stress.

00:29:54

Johnson: Five years ago I had a heart attack.

00:29:56

I’m a diabetic, too.

00:29:58

I have to work on it constantly.

00:29:59

I’ve been in this business 20 years.

00:30:01

So it’s just–it’s stressful just working the job, so over the years, you know, the cholesterol, the blood pressure, the sugar came on later, but the stress was always there, long before they came on.

00:30:15

Narrator: Emanuel johnson’s body may be telling yet another story of stress.

00:30:20

The whitehall study in england found an incredible link between stress, your position in the social hierarchy and how you put on weight.

00:30:30

Marmot: So it may not be just putting on weight, but also the distribution of that weight.

00:30:36

And the distribution of that weight– putting it on round the center– is related to position in the hierarchy, and that in turn may be related to chronic stress pathways.

00:30:48

Shively: So we said, does that happen in monkeys because they organize themselves in a hierarchy, too.

00:30:55

And it turns out that it does.

00:30:58

Subordinate monkeys are more likely to have fat in their abdomen than are dominant monkeys.

00:31:05

I think the most amazing observation that I’ve made in my lab is this idea that stress could actually change the way you deposit fat on your body.

00:31:19

To me, that was a bizarre idea that you could actually alter the way fat is distributed.

00:31:27

Narrator: Sapolsky, shively and others think stress could be a critical factor in the global obesity epidemic.

00:31:35

Even worse, fat brought on by stress is dangerous fat.

00:31:41

Shively: We know that fat carried on the trunk or actually inside the abdomen is much worse for you than fat carried elsewhere on the body.

00:31:50

It behaves differently, it’s– it is, um, it produces different kinds of hormones and chemicals and has different effects on your health.

00:32:00

Whatever it is that works for an individual, they need to value stress reduction.

00:32:07

I think the problem in our society is that we don’t value stress reduction, we, in fact, value the opposite.

00:32:13

We admire the person who not only multitasks and does two things at once, but does five things at once.

00:32:19

We kind of admire that person, how they manage that, you know, well, that’s–it’s– that’s an incredibly stressful way to live.

00:32:27

We have to change our values and value people who understand a balanced and serene life.

00:32:39

Narrator: One heartbreaking moment in history reveals that stress may, in fact, damage us long before we are even aware.

00:32:52

Holland, late 1944.

00:32:55

A brutal winter and a merciless army of occupation conspire to starve a nation.

00:33:02

It is known as the dutch hunger winter.

00:33:04

For those who survive today, these are haunting memories.

00:33:10

[Speaking dutch] Narrator: Dutch researcher tessa roseboom had heard many of those tragic memories.

00:33:43

She and her team wanted to know if there were any lingering effects.

00:33:49

Roseboom knew that our bodies respond to famine in much the same way they respond to other stressors, so she set out to see if the fetuses of women pregnant during these arduous days could possibly be affected by stress.

00:34:06

Because of meticulous record keeping by the dutch, roseboom was able to identify over 2,400 people who could have been impacted.

00:34:17

She and her team analyzed the data from those born during and after the famine and came to a surprising conclusion.

00:34:27

Roseboom: I think that you could say that these babies were exposed to stress in fetal life and they are still suffering the consequences of that now, 60 years later.

00:34:41

Narrator: Most of the dutch hunger winter children live today, all in their sixties.

00:34:47

Many still bear the scars of war.

00:34:51

Roseboom: We found that babies who were conceived during the famine have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

00:34:57

They have more hypercholesterolemia, they are more responsive to stress and they generally are in poorer health than people who were born before the famine or conceived after it.

00:35:11

Narrator: Researchers think that stress hormones in a mother’s blood triggered a change in the nervous system of the fetus as it struggled with starvation.

00:35:21

This was the fetus’ first encounter with stress.

00:35:26

Six decades later, the bodies of these dutch hunger winter children still haven’t forgotten.

00:35:33

Sapolsky: What we now know is it’s not just your fat cell storage that winds up being vulnerable to events like this.

00:35:40

It’s your brain chemistry.

00:35:41

It’s your capacity to learn as an adult.

00:35:44

It’s your capacity to respond to stress adaptively rather than maladaptively.

00:35:49

How readily you fall into depression, how vulnerable you are to psychiatric disorders– yet another realm in which early experience and early stress can leave a very bad footprint.

00:36:02

Woman: If I had had an option, I would not have opted to be bipolar, but now that I am bipolar, I’ll have to live with it.

00:36:11

[Speaking dutch] Sapolsky: What the dutch hunger winter phenomenon is about is experience, environment starts long before birth.

00:36:27

An adverse, stressful environment can leave imprints, can leave scars lasting a whole lifetime.

00:36:55

Rachel: We’re just taking fingerprints ’cause no baboon has the same fingerprint as another one.

00:37:01

So we just took honey bear’s, and I’m hoping to go over to riff and get his.

00:37:06

Narrator: During this year’s multi-generational research, robert, who has spent his career documenting stress’ effects on the individual and on the cell, tracks the trail of stress even deeper into our bodies.

00:37:21

Sapolsky: One of the most interesting new directions of stress research is taking the effects of stress down to a nuts and bolts level of how cells work, how genes work that half a dozen years ago, nobody could have imagined.

00:37:35

Narrator: The once unimaginable– genetic structures called telomeres, which protect the ends of our chromosomes from fraying.

00:37:44

As we age, our telomeres shorten.

00:37:47

Sapolsky: What’s interesting is stress, by way of stress hormones, can accelerate the shortening of telomeres.

00:37:55

So the assumption is for the exact same aged guys, if you’re a low-ranking guy who’s just marinating in stress hormones, your telomeres are going to be shorter.

00:38:04

Narrator: So how does this formidable finding apply to us?

00:38:10

San rafael, california.

00:38:12

Once a week janet lawson keeps a very important appointment.

00:38:17

She joins other mothers who share circumstances that produce chronic, unremitting stress.

00:38:23

Woman: But she loses her balance, and that’s the scary part.

00:38:26

So we just went out, actually last night, and bought a new helmet, storun Woman: We found that as she’s getting older and wanting more independence, it’s getting harder.

00:38:33

Narrator: Each of these women is mother to a disabled child.

00:38:37

Woman: As my son’s only 8 and there’s enough I can handle and I don’t allow myself to go too much out, I can’t.

00:38:43

Woman: I had a friend recently who said to me, you know, I think you really should consider putting lexie in a home.

00:38:49

And that was really stressful in and of itself ..

00:38:56

..sorry.

00:38:58

Don’t be sorry, hon.

00:39:00

So I was like, wow, how can you even say that?

00:39:03

She’s, you know, a little girlfriend.

00:39:06

She’s, um, even though she can’t really communicate, ..

00:39:14

She loves. she loves.

00:39:19

Narrator: These remarkable women came to the attention of biologist dr. elizabeth blackburn.

00:39:25

Blackburn: I don’t directly know the individuals, but I know the stories.

00:39:30

I’m a mother myself.

00:39:31

And so when I heard about this cohort, I really thought it was worthwhile finding out what really is happening at the heart of the cells in these mothers who are doing such a difficult thing for such a long time.

00:39:46

Narrator: blackburn is a leader in the field of telomere research.

00:39:51

Blackburn: We have 46 chromosomes and they’re capped off at each end by telomeres.

00:39:57

Nobody knew in humans whether telomeres and their fraying down over life would be affected by chronic stress.

00:40:04

And so we decided we would look at this cohort of chronically stressed mothers, and we decided to ask what’s happening to their telomeres and to the maintenance of their telomeres.

00:40:17

What we found was the length of the telomeres directly relates to the amount of stress somebody is under and the number of years that they’ve been under the stress.

00:40:28

Narrator: Such stressed mothers became the focus of a study blackburn’s colleague, psychologist elissa eppel.

00:40:36

Eppel: Mothers of young children are a highly stressed group.

00:40:41

They’re often balancing competing demands like work and child rearing and often don’t have time to take care of themselves.

00:40:49

So if you add on top of that the extra burden of caring for a child with special needs, it can be overwhelming.

00:40:56

It can tax the very reserves that sustain people, and if they’re stressed, if they report stress, they tend to die earlier.

00:41:05

Sapolsky: These women have shortened telomeres– decreased activity of this enzyme, and very, very rough number– for every year you were taking care of a chronically ill child, you got roughly six years’ worth of aging.

00:41:18

Blackburn: This is real.

00:41:19

This is not just somebody whining.

00:41:21

This is real medically serious aging going on, and we can see that it’s actually caused by the chronic stress.

00:41:33

Narrator: But there is hope.

00:41:34

blackburn co-discovered an enzyme, telomerase, that can repair the damage.

00:41:41

Woman: It’s what I always call the threat of hope.

00:41:45

[Laughter] Narrator: Preliminary data suggests that a meeting of minds such as this may actually have a health benefit, by stimulating the healing effects of telomerase.

00:41:58

Woman: If you don’t laugh, forget it, you can’t handle it.

00:42:03

Woman:..

00:42:06

There’s a certain level of black humor that we have about our kids that only we appreciate, we are the only ones who get the jokes, in a way we’re the only ones ..

00:42:17

Eppel: One of the questions in the stress field is what are the active ingredients that reduce stress and that promote longevity?

00:42:27

And compassion and caring for others may be one of those most important ingredients.

00:42:34

So those may be the factors that promote longevity and increase telomerase and keep our cells rejuvenating and regenerating.

00:42:44

Narrator: So perhaps connecting with and helping others can help us to mend ourselves and maybe even live longer, healthier lives.

00:42:54

20 Years ago sapolsky got a shocking preview of this idea.

00:43:01

The first troop he ever studied– the baboons he felt closest to and had written books about– suffered a calamity.

00:43:10

It would have a profound effect on his research.

00:43:14

Sapolsky: The keekorok troop is the one I started with 30 years ago.

00:43:19

And they were your basic old baboon troop at the time, which means males were aggressive and society was highly stratified, and females took a lot of grief, and your basic off-the-rack baboon troop.

00:43:32

And then about– by now almost 20 years ago, something horrific and scientifically very interesting happened to that troop.

00:43:41

Narrator: The keekorok troop took to foraging for food in the garbage dump of a popular tourist lodge.

00:43:49

It was a fatal move.

00:43:53

The trash included meat tainted with tuberculosis.

00:43:58

The result was that over half the males in the troop died.

00:44:04

Sapolsky: Not unreasonably, I got depressed as hell and pretty damn angry about what happened.

00:44:11

You know, you’re 30 years old, you can afford to expend a lot of emotion on a baboon troop, and there was a lot of emotion there.

00:44:19

Narrator: For robert, a decade of research appeared to have been lost.

00:44:25

But then he made a curious observation about who had died and who had survived.

00:44:32

Sapolsky: It wasn’t random who died.

00:44:34

In that troop, if you were aggressive and if you were not particularly socially connected, socially affiliative, you didn’t spend your time grooming and hanging out, if you were that kind of male, you died.

00:44:47

Narrator: Every alpha male was gone.

00:44:49

The keekorok troop had been transformed Sapolsky: And what you were left with was twice as many females as males, and the males who were remaining were, you know, just to use scientific jargon, they were good guys.

00:45:03

They were not aggressive jerks.

00:45:05

They were nice to the females.

00:45:06

They were very socially affiliative.

00:45:08

It completely transformed the atmosphere in the troop.

00:45:13

Narrator: When male baboons reach adolescence, they typically leave their home troop and roam, eventually finding a new troop.

00:45:22

Sapolsky: And when the new adolescent males would join the troop, they’d come in just as jerky as any adolescent males elsewhere on this planet, and it would take ’em about six months to learn, “we’re not like that in this troop.

00:45:34

We don’t do stuff like that.

00:45:36

We’re not that aggressive.

00:45:37

We spend more time grooming each other.

00:45:38

Males are calmer with each other.

00:45:40

You cannot dump on a female if you’re in ” and it takes these new guys about six months, and they assimilate this style.

00:45:48

And you have baboon culture, and this particular troop has a culture of very low levels of aggression and high levels of social affiliation, and they’re doing that 20 years later.

00:46:00

Narrator: And so the tragedy had provided robert with a fundamental lesson– not just about cells, but how the absence of stress could impact society.

00:46:11

Sapolsky: Do these guys have the same problems with high blood pressure? nope.

00:46:14

Do these guys have the same problems with brain chemistry related to anxiety, stress hormone levels?

00:46:20

Not at all.

00:46:21

It’s not just your rank, it’s what your rank means in your society.

00:46:26

Narrator: And the same is true for humans, with only a slight variation.

00:46:30

Sapolsky: We belong to multiple hierarchies, and you may have the worst job in your corporation and no autonomy and control and predictability, but you’re the captain of the company softball team that year and you’d better bet you are going to have all sorts of psychological means to decide it’s just a job, nine to five, that’s not what the world is about.

00:46:49

What the world’s about is softball.

00:46:52

I’m the head of my team, people look up to me, and you come out of that deciding you are on top of the hierarchy that matters to you.

00:47:06

Sapolsky: Well, that worked.

00:47:09

And lots of baboon poop.

00:47:13

Which under the right circumstances with the right season’s experiment is a goldmine.

00:47:21

Unfortunately this time around it’s just a cage to have to clean now.

00:47:32

I’m studying stress for 30 years now, and I even tell people how they should live differently, so presumably I should incorporate all this and the reality is, like, I’m unbelievably stressed and type “a” and poorly coping, and why else would I study this stuff 80 hours a week?

00:47:50

No doubt everything I advise is going to lose all its credibility if I keel over dead from a heart attack IN MY EARLY 50s.

00:47:57

I’m not good at dealing with stress.

00:48:00

One thing that works to my advantage is I love my work, I love every aspect of it, so that’s good.

00:48:06

Nonetheless this is pretty clearly a different place than the savannah in east africa.

00:48:13

You can do science here that’s very different and more interesting in some ways.

00:48:18

You can have hot showers on a more regular basis.

00:48:21

It’s a more interesting, varied world in lots of ways.

00:48:25

But there’s a lot out there that you sure miss.

00:48:38

It is a pretty miraculous place, where every meal tastes good and you’re 10 times more aware of every sensation.

00:48:49

This is a hard place to come to year after year without getting, I think, a very different metabolism and temperament.

00:48:58

..

00:49:02

More happy.

00:49:04

This is a hard place not to be happy.

00:49:14

Narrator: So one antidote to stress may be finding a place where we have control.

00:49:20

But how do we reckon with all the time we spend at work?

00:49:23

Marmot: I would say what we’ve learned from the whitehall study and the study of the non-human primates is the conditions in which people live and work are absolutely vital for their health.

00:49:38

Narrator: Senior civil servant sarah woodhall enjoys the benefits of control.

00:49:44

Woodhall: I don’t think I suffer from stress.

00:49:47

I don’t work a hundred hours a week.

00:49:49

I control the amount of work that I do to make sure that I can continue to deliver long term.

00:49:57

Marmot: Control, the amount of control is intimately related to where you are in the occupational hierarchy.

00:50:05

And what we have found is in general when people report to us that things have got worse, that the amount of work stress has gone up, their illness rates go up.

00:50:16

When people report to us that they’ve got more control and they’re being treated more fairly at work and there’s more justice in their amount of treatment, so things are getting better, the amount of illness goes down.

00:50:30

Woodhall: I’ve been very lucky.

00:50:30

I haven’t ever experienced any problems with my health.

00:50:33

Narrator: But not everyone is so lucky.

00:50:36

So is there a prescription for the vast majority of us who aren’t at the top?

00:50:42

Marmot: Give people more involvement in the work, give them more say in what they’re doing, give them more reward for the amount of effort they put out, and it might well be you’ll have not just a healthier workplace, but a more productive workplace as well.

00:50:58

Brooks: I’ve managed to achieve a degree of control.

00:51:02

At the moment, I’m in a really good position.

00:51:05

This is the first time where I feel I’ve had a boss who appreciates me.

00:51:08

He doesn’t dominate team meetings, he sits back.

00:51:11

He invites people to contribute.

00:51:14

He lets other people chair.

00:51:15

He’s a real manager, and he– from the start, when I returned after my latest sick leave, just six months ago, he was so positive.

00:51:22

I think I feel sufficiently empowered.

00:51:28

Narrator: Who would have imagined that robert’s baboons, roaming the cruel plains of africa, would point us humans toward a stress-free utopia?

00:51:38

Marmot: This may sound a little fanciful, but I think what we’re trying to create is a better society.

00:51:47

The implications, both of the baboons and of the british civil servants, is how can we create a society that has the conditions that will allow people to flourish?

00:51:59

And that’s where this is heading– to create a better society that promotes human flourishing.

00:52:08

Sapolsky: So what do baboons teach the average person in there?

00:52:12

Don’t bite somebody because you’re having a bad day.

00:52:15

Don’t displace on them in any sort of matter.

00:52:18

Social affiliation is a remarkably powerful thing.

00:52:22

And that said by somebody who lives in a world where ambition and drive and type-“a”-ness and all of that sort of thing dominates.

00:52:30

Those things are real important and one of the greatest forms of sociality is giving rather than receiving, and all those things make for a better world.

00:52:44

Another one of the things that baboons teach us is if they’re able to, in one generation, transform what are supposed to be textbook social systems sort of engraved in stone, we don’t have an excuse when we say there’s certain inevitabilities about human social systems.

00:53:04

Narrator: And so the haunting question that endures from robert’s life work– are we brave enough to learn from a baboon?

00:53:15

The keekorok troop didn’t just survive without stress, they thrived.

00:53:23

Can we?

00:53:34

portrait of a killeron dvd call pbs home video at 1-800-play-pbs or visit us online at shoppbs.org.

00:54:34

This program was made possible by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you.

00:54:41

Thank you.

00:54:46

We are pbs.

Word Map

baboons know right Shively live brain guys disease humans When Woman health baboon society blood This telomeresstressed rank Sapolsky work response people pretty stress came going life social long research firstgood time amount civil make Narrator later heart years stressful hormones hierarchy troop place chronic

Pay Power is METABANK and METABANK’s practices fail consumers repeatedly

Had METABANK not taken advantage of us, made us very vulnerable, and lied to us and to the Better Business Bureau of Des Moines, this blog would never have been created.

But the fact remains that METABANK lied to us, the partner company that sold us their product and to the BBB of Des Moines, IA. METABANK took our money, our cash money because that is the only way that a card can be loaded/re-loaded, and then kept us from having access to our own money when we needed it the most. This action made us even more vulnerable than if we had been paying directly using cash. The prepaid card only is a money making gimmick that serves to make the METABANK CEOs outrageously rich… This is not a sustainable pattern for the US Economy.

Why you don’t want a PAYPOWER VISA DEBIT issued by METABANK tm

#1 Pay Power is a METABANK product.

#2 The gimmick of attaching a direct deposit that will give you the added bonus of a $20 credit isn’t enough of an incentive given the fact that you will actually be giving complete and full control of all of your assets over to METABANK, an unknown and anonymous entity that you found online.

#3  The concept of a direct deposit is okay, but it has been so abused by METABANK that in their hands it becomes like a weapon against METABANK’s own customer base.

#4 Many customers, that is former customers of METABANK, have complained for years now that METABANK keeps them from being able to access their own money when they need it the most. METABANK’s customer representatives have lied to customers repeatedly for the reasons that the customers aren’t able to access their own money. The control that METABANK wields over their customers’ accounts has gone far beyond what can be considered normal and appropriate. METABANK’s customers are a huge cash cow for METABANK and create a “living hell” for customers who must give METABANK cash money.

#5 METABANK promises to provide safety and security, but this isn’t for their customers. METABANK is working to get safety and security for themselves. Once METABANK has control of all of your assets, your cash money, then you will discover that you can’t access your own cash money. You have been taken in by false promises.

# 6 METABANK is really a collections agency and not a bank in the sense that we have always thought of banks. METABANK relies on the consumers’ previously held impression of banks as being the safest place to keep  their money. METABANK is a Member of FDIC and that statement may lull customers into thinking that METABANK will be in a fiduciary position to protect their customers’ assets…. METABANK is not and has never been able to deliver a quality product for protecting their customer base.

#7  METABANK relies on partner companies and internet ads to get  new customers so they can keep doing the same old scam to a new batch of consumers. METABANK relies on getting a new batch of customers of whom they will then begin to take advantage for their own personal gain and at the expense and misery of the METABANK customer.

#8 Marketing strategies of METABANK involve the creation of new names for the same scam on consumers. This is one way that METABANK endeavors to get around the law… METABANK “is always one step ahead of the law.”

#9 METABANK creates all the rules governing their services or as it turns out for consumers ” a lack of real service accompanied by abuses.”

#10 METABANK helped to create the “Non-Profit” NPBCA to advocate for PREPAID CARDS in DC by using Rupli and Associates. It is a way for METABANK to make themselves appear to be legitimate…. What METABANK does with the prepaid cards is to abuse consumers. The cards are designed so that METABANK has control of your cash money. Customer Fees are attached to opening up the cards while METABANK is getting an interest Free Loan from those who can least afford to give out loans.

#11 METABANK is a “thrift bank”… This term is used to indicate the lowest level of customer service and the highest level of fees for the consumer.

#12 METABANK indicates that “No Credit Check” is required, but consumers have indicated that META BANK does a credit check anyway, but without your knowledge. METABANK is consciously looking for the more vulnerable people to give them loans at a very high interest rate.

#13 By creating a direct deposit from your salary/payroll check or government check that is affiliated with a METABANK debit card, you are becoming an economic slave for METABANK. As a consumer, you must understand that you are establishing a state of economic servitude for yourself by entering into a contract with METABANK.

#14 METABANK/NBPCA is like a Cancer: they are offering training sessions around the USA. Just look at their schedule of up-coming events. You may believe that you are not going to be affected by METABANK, but it may be that you already are one of their customers. The training sessions serve the purpose of normalizing the type of actions and the way that METABANK has scammed their customer base for a period of years now.

#15 METABANK created an organization that purportedly examines customer service and that organization gave METABANK a best customer service award…. While customers continue to complain about how they were abused and taken advantage of by METABANK.

#16  METABANK never accepts responsibility for the problems they have created for others, their own customer base. By design this cannot be a sustainable way to do business, but  in the meantime, as consumers, we don’t want to become METABANK’s next victim as their system comes to a head and fails. METABANK is using a get rich quick scheme. It is not a long term solution for any bank or their customer base.

#17 METABANK has as its parent company META PAYMENT SOLUTIONS and META FINANCIAL GROUP INC… METABANK really isn’t at its core a bank in the conventional sense that will protect their customer base’s assets in a mutually beneficial arrangement. Empty promises are used to lure in customers; METABANBK has no intention of providing those services. Years of consumer complaints have proven this to be true. METABANK advertises for employees who are willing to work in a fast paced, ever changing scenario and who can deal with angry customers. METABANK expects “angry customers” because at the heart of what they are doing, even METABANK knows what they do is a fraud and an abuse of their own customers for their own get rich quick scheme.

All that we can do is to try to warn others about this problem:

METABANK relies on the internet and partner companies to push their prepaid card.

METABANK makes promises and implies services they have no intention of ever giving their customer base.

METABANK relies on keeping their customer base at a distance. Customers have been charged for phoning METABANK. Many customers say that they get the run around from METABANK when they phone. It appears to consumers that the METABANK phone representatives have been given a list of reasons for why consumers can’t access their own money. The underlying message is always that IT IS THE CUSTOMERS’ FAULT FOR WHY THE METABANK PREPAID CARD DOESN’T WORK

METABANK has never shown any kind of real and genuine response to their customers’ complaints. The customers complain about the identical mistreatment and METABANK has never ever actually addressed their customers’ input nor their real needs. METABANK’s publicity says one thing, but the actual customer service will be totally different and horrible.

Please be advised to ” DO NOT BUSINESS WITH METABANK” or with any other bank or partner trained by METABANK

The old saying that your parents used to tell you that “just because everybody else is doing something, it doesn’t make it right”…. METABANK and the NBPCA may provide training events to promote and to normalize what they are doing, but what METABANK does and how METABANK operates is immoral and an abuse against society and humanity in general for their own personal gain… Consumers are being warned to no do business with METABANK or any entity that has been influenced by METABANK.